The Jews played an essential role in the Mongolian economy and army.

As a consequence of several major insurrections, the History of Yuan (元史), recorded, “Skilled archers of Ningxia, as well as wealthy Muslims and Jews from all over the country, report to the capital and render your service in the military (摹宁夏善射者及各处回回、术忽殷富者，赴京师从军).”

This was during the reign of Emperor Shun (元顺帝, reign 1333–1368)) who was the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and the last Khagan (可汗) of the Mongol Empire.